新疆野苹果群体遗传结构和遗传多样性的SRAP分析

 采用SRAP标记，对中国新疆野苹果4个种下居群的群体遗传结构和遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明：10对SRAP引物总共扩增了209条带，其中206条是多态性带（98.56%）。巩留群体、新源群体、霍城群体和裕民群体分别扩增了180、169、178和165条多态性带，巩留群体的随机交配杂合度（hs = 0.3037 ± 0.0058）最高，其次为霍城群体。UPGMA聚类分析和群体间遗传分化系数显示，巩留群体和新源群体之间，以及霍城群体和裕民群体之间，遗传关系最近，群体间遗传变异最低。新疆野苹果群体内遗传变异高于群体间，占总变异的87.9%，主坐标轴分析显示4个群体是相对独立，其中巩留群体和新源群体，霍城群体和裕民群体之间，有较高的基因交流。所有参数分析表明，巩留群体遗传多样性最丰富，故在制定新疆野苹果原地和异地种质保护计划时应优先考虑巩留群体。     

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on postharvest quality of Chinese chive scapes

The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on postharvest quality and lignification of Chinese chive scapes (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel) was examined during storage at 20 °C. The results showed that the treatment with 0.5 μL L^?1 1-MCP significantly delayed weight loss and opening rate of flowers, maintained higher chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents, inhibited respiration, reduced the activities of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and peroxidase, and retarded lignin and cellulose accumulation. The results suggest that 1-MCP treatment may be a promising technique to maintain postharvest quality of Chinese chive scapes.     

Postharvest physiology of ‘Aroma’ apples in relation to position on the tree

The effects of fruit position within the canopy on the onset of the respiratory climacteric and the rise in ethylene production as well as changes in peel colour and chemical composition were studied in apples (Malus x domestica Borkh. cv. Aroma) during ripening in normal air at 20 °C for 6–8 weeks over two crop seasons. The commencement of the rise in both CO₂ and ethylene production was equal independent of fruit position but the peak of ethylene was behind that of CO₂ with a lag of several days. While the climacteric ethylene peak was considerably higher in shaded inside apples, the internal ethylene concentration was at the same level independent of canopy position. During maturation on the tree outside fruit developed a red peel colour while inside fruit remained green. Outside fruit had a higher content of dry matter, soluble solids and soluble sugars but a somewhat lower amount of titratable acidity than inside fruit. High summer temperatures in the second year resulted in a significantly higher content of soluble solids and organic acids independent of fruit position but diminished the soluble solids difference between outside and inside fruit and increased the difference in malic and citric acid concentrations. High summer temperatures also increased the difference in peel colour between outside and inside fruit. Independent of canopy position, the soluble solids concentrations remained unchanged during ripening while the amounts of sucrose as well as malic acid and the titratable acidity decreased with a concomitant rise in the cell sap pH. The higher content of soluble sugars and a somewhat lower amount of titratable acidity in outside red-coloured apples probably contribute to improved fruit quality but the difference seems to be strongly dependent on the growing conditions, especially the sum of heat units.     

百山祖北坡中山常绿阔叶林的物种组成和群落结构

在浙江庆元县百山祖北坡常绿阔叶林群落内,设置面积为5 hm2的固定样地,应用相邻格子法划分样地并进行每木调查获得野外资料.通过对群落内物种组成和群落结构的研究表明:①群落内物种丰富,区系复杂,仅含1种的科、属多,常绿树种短尾柯、多脉青冈为建群种,故可称为短尾柯-多脉青冈群落;②从物种的地理分布区类型看,该群落具一定的热带性质,但温带成分仍占较大比例,反映出中亚热带北部亚地带中山常绿阔叶林的植被属性;③从物种多样性看,稀有种丰富,优势种亦十分明显,但多度分布不均;④群落幼苗储备量大,更新良好,但由于竞争激烈,加之台风等自然因素的干扰,胸径超大个体稀少;直径频度呈指数分布,反映出立木在垂直空间上连续分布,且该群落处于演替的成熟阶段;⑤群落层次结构比较复杂,分层不明显:几个优势种分布在不同的两个乔木亚层,一定程度上减少竞争;乔木上层树冠不连续,下层连续郁闭度较高;灌木层密度大,物种丰富,是群落幼苗库;草本层比较稀疏但物种丰富,以蕨类和苔草属植物为主;藤本植物多样,草质木质均有,但大型个体稀少,层间附生植物主要是石韦、瓦韦、膜蕨和一些兰科植物,显示出中亚热带常绿阔叶林的特点.     

InvasionDB: A genome and gene database of invasive alien species

Invasive alien species(IAS) are species whose introduction to areas outside of their native range cause harm to economics, biodiversity, and the environment. Understanding the genetic basis of invasiveness is critical for preventing invasion by an alien species and managing IAS with eco-friendly control methods. In addition, uncovering the genomic features of IAS is essential for accurately predicting invasiveness. However, even though increasing efforts have been devoted to sequencing the genomes of IAS, there is still not an integrated genome database for the invasive biology community. Here, we first determined a list of invasive plants and animals by mining references and databases. Then, we retrieved the genomic and gene data of these IAS, and constructed a database, Invasion DB. Invasion DB encompasses 131 IAS genomes, 76 annotated IAS assemblies, and links these data to conventional functions such as searching for gene coding sequences and Pfam, KEGG, NR annotations, BLAST server, JBrowse, and downloads services. Next, we analyzed 19 invasivenessrelated gene families which confer invasiveness in insects. To study the roles of noncoding RNA in invasiveness, we also annotated 135 494 mi RNAs, 89 294 r RNAs, and 2 671 941 t RNAs from these IAS. In summary, Invasion DB is useful for studying the invasiveness at the genomic level, and thus helps to develop novel management strategies to control IAS.     

黏土矿物改良剂对新垦砂壤质耕地土壤有机碳积累的影响

为了解黏土矿物改良剂在新垦耕地地力提升中的作用,选择膨润土、高岭石、沸石和硅藻土4种黏土矿物,在添加量为10%的条件下,采用培养试验研究其对有机肥料矿化及土壤有机碳积累的影响。结果表明,与对照比较,添加黏土矿物可明显增加土壤有机碳的积累,其效果由强到弱为膨润土、高岭石、硅藻土、沸石;团聚体分析和重液分组结果表明,添加黏土矿物可显著增加土壤水稳定性团聚体数量,促进矿物结合态有机碳的形成。研究认为,黏土矿物增加有机碳稳定性是其促进土壤有机碳积累的主要原因。     

基质栽培与土壤栽培对越心草莓蔗糖和柠檬酸积累的影响

为了解基质栽培和土壤栽培条件下草莓果实品质形成的差异,探究其影响规律,以越心草莓为材料,测定果实不同发育时期的蔗糖和柠檬酸含量,以及相关基因的表达量。结果显示,土壤栽培条件下蔗糖和柠檬酸含量高于基质栽培,其中,蔗糖积累的差异主要体现在草莓果实的尖部,柠檬酸积累的差异在果实尖部和基部。FaSPS2基因是土壤栽培和基质栽培蔗糖积累差异的关键基因,与蔗糖积累呈正相关。FaACO1、FaACO3基因的表达量与柠檬酸的积累呈负相关,基质栽培中FaACO1、FaACO3的表达量显著高于土壤栽培,导致基质栽培的成熟草莓果实中的柠檬酸含量低于土壤栽培。因此,FaSPS2、FaACO1和FaACO3基因在越心草莓蔗糖和柠檬酸含量的积累中发挥了重要作用,土壤栽培较基质栽培可能更有利于越心草莓蔗糖和柠檬酸含量积累。     

养猪废水恶臭挥发性物质释放特征及其组分源解析

为探究猪场曝气池和出水口废水水样的恶臭挥发性物质（Malodorous Volatile Compounds,MVCs）组成和释放特征,本文采用质子转移反应质谱（PTR-MS）检测了养猪废水在实验室模拟存储过程中顶空MVCs组成,检出了含苯芳香烃、胺类、硫化物、酮类、酚类、羧酸和吲哚7类共22种MVCs。两种废水中MVCs浓度较高是氨、硫化氢、丙酮、二甲胺、甲基乙基酮、甲硫醇和丙酸等。通过臭味活度值（OAV_i）分析了两种废水的臭气组分相对贡献率,曝气池废水释放的MVCs臭味贡献度较高的是甲硫醇（28.77%）、3-甲基吲哚（19.05%）、对甲苯酚（18.45%）、硫化氢（15.05%）和二甲胺（7.15%）;而出水口液样释放的MVCs臭味贡献度较高的是对甲苯酚（47.17%）、甲硫醇（38.26%）和3-甲基吲哚（14.57%）。胺类和羧酸类物质在整个储存过程中的浓度变化较小,硫化物在所有挥发性有机物中所占的比例较低,在存放过程中浓度变化差异较小。曝气池废水中释放速率最高的MVCs是氨、丙酮和二甲胺,分别为47 928、27 μg·h^-1·m^-2和15 μg·h^-1·m^-2。主成分分析结果显示MVCs组分来源为4类,分别为含碳有机物的厌氧消化、蛋白质分解、粪浆及冲刷水中的颗粒物和动物排泄。